United States

Perfumania Holdings Inc (PERFQ)

Track

Track

Ticker: PERFQ Exchange: OTC
Preparing chart...
Download chart Copy chart image Copy link Share to X Share


• Purchase • Sale • Planned purchase • Planned sale Net purchase Net sale Buy signal Sell signal Earnings
No insider activity signals detected

Insider trades have not triggered unusual activity signals for this company.

Top insiders
Trades
Abbreviations B: Buy, S: Sell, PP: Planned purchase, PlS: Planned sale, PrS: Proposed sale, O: Option / Other
Dellomo Donna Chief Financial Officer Officer
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
388.80
Quantity 58,999 -17.0%
Value US$3,286,097
KATZ MICHAEL W President and CEO Executive Director
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
12.27
Quantity 89,424 +35.7%
Value US$3,430,707
KATZ MICHAEL W President and CEO Executive Director
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
47.08
Quantity 85,367 +26.1%
Value US$3,004,085
KATZ MICHAEL W President and CEO Executive Director
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
4.80
Quantity 1,800 +45.0%
Value US$8,640
KATZ MICHAEL W President and CEO Executive Director
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
4.85
Quantity 2,000 +100.0%
Value US$9,700
KATZ MICHAEL W President and CEO Executive Director
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
4.81
Quantity 1,973 +7307.4%
Value US$9,490
KATZ MICHAEL W President and CEO Executive Director
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
4.78
Quantity 27 +inf%
Value US$129
NUSSDORF GLENN H Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
1.25
Quantity 300,000 +13.2%
Value US$375,000
Piergiorgi Raymond Chief Operating Officer Officer
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
5.01
Quantity 1,000 +50.0%
Value US$5,012
Piergiorgi Raymond Chief Operating Officer Officer
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
10.75
Quantity 2,000 +inf%
Value US$21,500
JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
14.79
Quantity 1,127 +0.4%
Value US$16,668
JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
14.79
Quantity 1,373 +0.4%
Value US$20,307
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.77
Quantity 176 -0.1%
Value US$2,952
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.77
Quantity 224 -0.1%
Value US$3,756
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
15.32
Quantity 1,116 -0.4%
Value US$17,097
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
15.32
Quantity 1,404 -0.4%
Value US$21,509
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
15.22
Quantity 663 -0.2%
Value US$10,091
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
15.22
Quantity 837 -0.3%
Value US$12,739
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.50
Quantity 1,860 -0.7%
Value US$30,690
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.50
Quantity 2,341 -0.7%
Value US$38,626
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.58
Quantity 186 -0.1%
Value US$3,084
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.58
Quantity 236 -0.1%
Value US$3,913
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.31
Quantity 979 -0.4%
Value US$15,967
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.31
Quantity 1,233 -0.4%
Value US$20,110
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.07
Quantity 132 -0.0%
Value US$2,121
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
16.07
Quantity 168 -0.0%
Value US$2,700
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
19.42
Quantity 7,100 +2.7%
Value US$137,882
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
19.42
Quantity 8,900 +2.7%
Value US$172,838
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
24.54
Quantity 928 +0.2%
Value US$22,773
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.50
Quantity 874 -100.0%
Value US$23,161
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.54
Quantity 99 -10.2%
Value US$2,627
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.55
Quantity 99 -9.2%
Value US$2,628
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.56
Quantity 200 -15.7%
Value US$5,312
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.57
Quantity 99 -7.2%
Value US$2,630
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.58
Quantity 99 -6.7%
Value US$2,631
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.59
Quantity 201 -12.0%
Value US$5,345
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.60
Quantity 201 -10.7%
Value US$5,347
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.61
Quantity 400 -17.6%
Value US$10,644
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.62
Quantity 199 -8.1%
Value US$5,297
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.70
Quantity 800 -24.5%
Value US$21,360
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.71
Quantity 100 -3.0%
Value US$2,671
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.72
Quantity 100 -2.9%
Value US$2,672
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
26.75
Quantity 1,529 -30.6%
Value US$40,901
GROBMAN ALAN VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
23.25
Quantity 4,700 -100.0%
Value US$109,275
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
21.91
Quantity 100 -100.0%
Value US$2,191
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
21.92
Quantity 212 -67.9%
Value US$4,647
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
21.94
Quantity 400 -56.2%
Value US$8,776
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
21.95
Quantity 99 -12.2%
Value US$2,173
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
21.96
Quantity 99 -10.9%
Value US$2,174
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
22.00
Quantity 100 -9.9%
Value US$2,200
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
22.12
Quantity 1,300 -56.3%
Value US$28,756
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
22.13
Quantity 100 -4.1%
Value US$2,213
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
22.18
Quantity 300 -11.1%
Value US$6,654
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
22.20
Quantity 100 -3.6%
Value US$2,220
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
22.25
Quantity 200 -6.6%
Value US$4,450
GELLER LEON VP Officer
Transaction date
Sale
Price
22.26
Quantity 100 -3.2%
Value US$2,226
JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
19.96
Quantity 3,526 +1.4%
Value US$70,379
JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
19.96
Quantity 4,474 +1.4%
Value US$89,301
JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
20.32
Quantity 14,706 +6.1%
Value US$298,826
JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
20.32
Quantity 18,594 +6.1%
Value US$377,830
JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
18.85
Quantity 1,886 +0.8%
Value US$35,551
JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
18.85
Quantity 2,349 +0.8%
Value US$44,279
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
18.43
Quantity 10,103 +1.9%
Value US$186,198
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
18.84
Quantity 16,542 +3.2%
Value US$311,651
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
19.66
Quantity 39,507 +8.3%
Value US$776,708
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
19.06
Quantity 36,681 +8.3%
Value US$699,140
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
19.18
Quantity 2,200 +0.5%
Value US$42,196
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
18.97
Quantity 49,426 +12.7%
Value US$937,611
FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
Transaction date
Purchase
Price
17.54
Quantity 68,295 +21.4%
Value US$1,197,894
PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
9.00
Quantity 204,545 -100.0%
Value US$1,840,905
PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
9.01
Quantity 1,400 -0.7%
Value US$12,614
PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
9.02
Quantity 99 -0.0%
Value US$893
PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
9.03
Quantity 809 -0.4%
Value US$7,305
PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
9.04
Quantity 197 -0.1%
Value US$1,781
PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
Transaction date
Sale
Price
9.05
Quantity 300 -0.1%
Value US$2,715
Notification date Transaction date B/S Transaction type Insider and/or position Nb. shares
Price
Value 		Number of shares Price Value Details
2016-07-18 2016-07-15 B Purchase Dellomo Donna

Chief Financial Officer

Officer
58,999 -17.0%
388.80
US$3,286,097 		58,999 -17.0% 388.80 US$3,286,097
2013-01-03 2012-12-31 B Purchase KATZ MICHAEL W

President and CEO

Executive Director
89,424 +35.7%
12.27
US$3,430,707 		89,424 +35.7% 12.27 US$3,430,707
2012-12-14 2012-12-13 B Purchase KATZ MICHAEL W

President and CEO

Executive Director
85,367 +26.1%
47.08
US$3,004,085 		85,367 +26.1% 47.08 US$3,004,085
2012-12-14 2012-12-13 B Purchase KATZ MICHAEL W

President and CEO

Executive Director
1,800 +45.0%
4.80
US$8,640 		1,800 +45.0% 4.80 US$8,640
2012-12-14 2012-12-12 B Purchase KATZ MICHAEL W

President and CEO

Executive Director
2,000 +100.0%
4.85
US$9,700 		2,000 +100.0% 4.85 US$9,700
2012-12-14 2012-12-12 B Purchase KATZ MICHAEL W

President and CEO

Executive Director
1,973 +7307.4%
4.81
US$9,490 		1,973 +7307.4% 4.81 US$9,490
2012-12-14 2012-12-12 B Purchase KATZ MICHAEL W

President and CEO

Executive Director
27 +inf%
4.78
US$129 		27 +inf% 4.78 US$129
2009-03-02 2009-02-26 B Purchase NUSSDORF GLENN H Large shareholder
300,000 +13.2%
1.25
US$375,000 		300,000 +13.2% 1.25 US$375,000
2008-10-14 2008-10-10 B Purchase Piergiorgi Raymond

Chief Operating Officer

Officer
1,000 +50.0%
5.01
US$5,012 		1,000 +50.0% 5.01 US$5,012
2008-09-30 2008-09-29 B Purchase Piergiorgi Raymond

Chief Operating Officer

Officer
2,000 +inf%
10.75
US$21,500 		2,000 +inf% 10.75 US$21,500
2008-07-28 2008-07-28 B Purchase JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
1,127 +0.4%
14.79
US$16,668 		1,127 +0.4% 14.79 US$16,668
2008-07-28 2008-07-28 B Purchase JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
1,373 +0.4%
14.79
US$20,307 		1,373 +0.4% 14.79 US$20,307
2008-07-22 2008-07-18 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
176 -0.1%
16.77
US$2,952 		176 -0.1% 16.77 US$2,952
2008-07-22 2008-07-18 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
224 -0.1%
16.77
US$3,756 		224 -0.1% 16.77 US$3,756
2008-07-18 2008-07-17 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
1,116 -0.4%
15.32
US$17,097 		1,116 -0.4% 15.32 US$17,097
2008-07-18 2008-07-17 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
1,404 -0.4%
15.32
US$21,509 		1,404 -0.4% 15.32 US$21,509
2008-07-18 2008-07-16 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
663 -0.2%
15.22
US$10,091 		663 -0.2% 15.22 US$10,091
2008-07-18 2008-07-16 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
837 -0.3%
15.22
US$12,739 		837 -0.3% 15.22 US$12,739
2008-03-21 2008-03-19 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
1,860 -0.7%
16.50
US$30,690 		1,860 -0.7% 16.50 US$30,690
2008-03-21 2008-03-19 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
2,341 -0.7%
16.50
US$38,626 		2,341 -0.7% 16.50 US$38,626
2008-03-14 2008-03-12 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
186 -0.1%
16.58
US$3,084 		186 -0.1% 16.58 US$3,084
2008-03-14 2008-03-12 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
236 -0.1%
16.58
US$3,913 		236 -0.1% 16.58 US$3,913
2008-03-14 2008-03-12 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
979 -0.4%
16.31
US$15,967 		979 -0.4% 16.31 US$15,967
2008-03-14 2008-03-12 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
1,233 -0.4%
16.31
US$20,110 		1,233 -0.4% 16.31 US$20,110
2008-03-14 2008-03-12 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
132 -0.0%
16.07
US$2,121 		132 -0.0% 16.07 US$2,121
2008-03-14 2008-03-12 S Sale FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
168 -0.0%
16.07
US$2,700 		168 -0.0% 16.07 US$2,700
2007-08-20 2007-08-16 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
7,100 +2.7%
19.42
US$137,882 		7,100 +2.7% 19.42 US$137,882
2007-08-20 2007-08-16 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
8,900 +2.7%
19.42
US$172,838 		8,900 +2.7% 19.42 US$172,838
2007-03-13 2007-03-06 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
928 +0.2%
24.54
US$22,773 		928 +0.2% 24.54 US$22,773
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
874 -100.0%
26.50
US$23,161 		874 -100.0% 26.50 US$23,161
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
99 -10.2%
26.54
US$2,627 		99 -10.2% 26.54 US$2,627
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
99 -9.2%
26.55
US$2,628 		99 -9.2% 26.55 US$2,628
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
200 -15.7%
26.56
US$5,312 		200 -15.7% 26.56 US$5,312
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
99 -7.2%
26.57
US$2,630 		99 -7.2% 26.57 US$2,630
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
99 -6.7%
26.58
US$2,631 		99 -6.7% 26.58 US$2,631
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
201 -12.0%
26.59
US$5,345 		201 -12.0% 26.59 US$5,345
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
201 -10.7%
26.60
US$5,347 		201 -10.7% 26.60 US$5,347
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
400 -17.6%
26.61
US$10,644 		400 -17.6% 26.61 US$10,644
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
199 -8.1%
26.62
US$5,297 		199 -8.1% 26.62 US$5,297
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
800 -24.5%
26.70
US$21,360 		800 -24.5% 26.70 US$21,360
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
100 -3.0%
26.71
US$2,671 		100 -3.0% 26.71 US$2,671
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
100 -2.9%
26.72
US$2,672 		100 -2.9% 26.72 US$2,672
2007-02-14 2007-02-12 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
1,529 -30.6%
26.75
US$40,901 		1,529 -30.6% 26.75 US$40,901
2006-12-22 2006-12-21 S Sale GROBMAN ALAN

VP

Officer
4,700 -100.0%
23.25
US$109,275 		4,700 -100.0% 23.25 US$109,275
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
100 -100.0%
21.91
US$2,191 		100 -100.0% 21.91 US$2,191
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
212 -67.9%
21.92
US$4,647 		212 -67.9% 21.92 US$4,647
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
400 -56.2%
21.94
US$8,776 		400 -56.2% 21.94 US$8,776
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
99 -12.2%
21.95
US$2,173 		99 -12.2% 21.95 US$2,173
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
99 -10.9%
21.96
US$2,174 		99 -10.9% 21.96 US$2,174
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
100 -9.9%
22.00
US$2,200 		100 -9.9% 22.00 US$2,200
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
1,300 -56.3%
22.12
US$28,756 		1,300 -56.3% 22.12 US$28,756
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
100 -4.1%
22.13
US$2,213 		100 -4.1% 22.13 US$2,213
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
300 -11.1%
22.18
US$6,654 		300 -11.1% 22.18 US$6,654
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
100 -3.6%
22.20
US$2,220 		100 -3.6% 22.20 US$2,220
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
200 -6.6%
22.25
US$4,450 		200 -6.6% 22.25 US$4,450
2006-12-15 2006-12-14 S Sale GELLER LEON

VP

Officer
100 -3.2%
22.26
US$2,226 		100 -3.2% 22.26 US$2,226
2006-12-01 2006-11-29 B Purchase JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
3,526 +1.4%
19.96
US$70,379 		3,526 +1.4% 19.96 US$70,379
2006-12-01 2006-11-29 B Purchase JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
4,474 +1.4%
19.96
US$89,301 		4,474 +1.4% 19.96 US$89,301
2006-12-01 2006-11-28 B Purchase JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
14,706 +6.1%
20.32
US$298,826 		14,706 +6.1% 20.32 US$298,826
2006-12-01 2006-11-28 B Purchase JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
18,594 +6.1%
20.32
US$377,830 		18,594 +6.1% 20.32 US$377,830
2006-12-01 2006-11-27 B Purchase JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
1,886 +0.8%
18.85
US$35,551 		1,886 +0.8% 18.85 US$35,551
2006-12-01 2006-11-27 B Purchase JLF OFFSHORE FUND LTD Large shareholder
2,349 +0.8%
18.85
US$44,279 		2,349 +0.8% 18.85 US$44,279
2006-11-27 2006-11-24 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
10,103 +1.9%
18.43
US$186,198 		10,103 +1.9% 18.43 US$186,198
2006-11-27 2006-11-22 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
16,542 +3.2%
18.84
US$311,651 		16,542 +3.2% 18.84 US$311,651
2006-11-27 2006-11-21 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
39,507 +8.3%
19.66
US$776,708 		39,507 +8.3% 19.66 US$776,708
2006-11-27 2006-11-20 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
36,681 +8.3%
19.06
US$699,140 		36,681 +8.3% 19.06 US$699,140
2006-11-27 2006-11-20 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
2,200 +0.5%
19.18
US$42,196 		2,200 +0.5% 19.18 US$42,196
2006-11-27 2006-11-17 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
49,426 +12.7%
18.97
US$937,611 		49,426 +12.7% 18.97 US$937,611
2006-11-27 2006-11-16 B Purchase FEINBERG JEFF Large shareholder
68,295 +21.4%
17.54
US$1,197,894 		68,295 +21.4% 17.54 US$1,197,894
2006-09-26 2006-09-22 S Sale PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
204,545 -100.0%
9.00
US$1,840,905 		204,545 -100.0% 9.00 US$1,840,905
2006-09-26 2006-09-22 S Sale PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
1,400 -0.7%
9.01
US$12,614 		1,400 -0.7% 9.01 US$12,614
2006-09-26 2006-09-22 S Sale PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
99 -0.0%
9.02
US$893 		99 -0.0% 9.02 US$893
2006-09-26 2006-09-22 S Sale PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
809 -0.4%
9.03
US$7,305 		809 -0.4% 9.03 US$7,305
2006-09-26 2006-09-22 S Sale PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
197 -0.1%
9.04
US$1,781 		197 -0.1% 9.04 US$1,781
2006-09-26 2006-09-22 S Sale PARLUX FRAGRANCES INC Large shareholder
300 -0.1%
9.05
US$2,715 		300 -0.1% 9.05 US$2,715
Explore more

More insider trading research around Perfumania Holdings Inc

More insider trades in United States
Insider trading in North America