30% off. Use code SUMMERSALE30 at checkout for 30% off for 12 months on Plus, Pro and Premium subscriptions. Subscribe now
United States Biotechnology & Medical Research

Soleno Therapeutics Inc (SLNO)

Track

Over the last 90 days, Soleno Therapeutics Inc. has seen net insider selling totaling $429,344.42, with executives accounting for this entire amount. There were 6 transactions, all sales, indicating a negative net value. The stock has experienced a 59.6% price increase over the same period. The last earnings report showed a miss of 13.24%.
Stock chart
Ticker: SLNO Exchange: NAS
Preparing chart...
Download chart Copy chart image Copy link Share to X Share


Subscribe to get access to the transaction volume chart and in-chart transaction details
• Purchase • Sale • Planned purchase • Planned sale Net purchase Net sale Activity signal Earnings
Top insiders
Trades
Manning Meredith
Chief Commercial Officer
3 sales — total 228,980 USD
Sale 27 Mar 2026
Value US$3,713,763.06 | Price 194.88 | Shares 15,603
Sale 27 Mar 2026
Value US$1,520,879.81 | Price 443.89 | Shares 38,892
Sale 27 Mar 2026
Value US$146,099.97 | Price 30.04 | Shares 4,864
Sale 27 Mar 2026
Value US$2,332,466.44 | Price 176.57 | Shares 20,523
Sale 27 Mar 2026
Value US$959,131.28 | Price 134.15 | Shares 47,030
Sale 27 Mar 2026
Value US$127,837.47 | Price 30.04 | Shares 4,256
Proposed sale 11 Aug 2025
Value US$110,696,581.49 | Price 82.15 | Shares 1,347,522
Planned sale 1 Jul 2025
Value US$316,970.80 | Price 82.76 | Shares 3,830
Proposed sale 1 Jul 2025
Value US$316,970.80 | Price 82.76 | Shares 3,830
Planned sale 24 Jun 2025
Value US$22,410.50 | Price 84.25 | Shares 266
Proposed sale 24 Jun 2025
Value US$22,410.50 | Price 84.25 | Shares 266
Planned sale 1 Apr 2025
Value US$265,156.02 | Price 70.11 | Shares 3,782
Proposed sale 1 Apr 2025
Value US$265,156.02 | Price 70.11 | Shares 3,782
Sale 28 Mar 2025
Value US$424,797.10 | Price 71.55 | Shares 5,937
Planned sale 28 Mar 2025
Value US$198,057.60 | Price 73.60 | Shares 2,691
Planned sale 28 Mar 2025
Value US$643,246.35 | Price 69.52 | Shares 9,253
Planned sale 28 Mar 2025
Value US$849,386.10 | Price 68.92 | Shares 12,324
Planned sale 28 Mar 2025
Value US$228,945.66 | Price 67.46 | Shares 3,394
Proposed sale 28 Mar 2025
Value US$1,919,635.75 | Price 69.40 | Shares 27,662
Proposed sale 28 Mar 2025
Value US$400,094.43 | Price 67.39 | Shares 5,937
Sale 28 Mar 2025
Value US$23,549,124.20 | Price 70.60 | Shares 333,557
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$2,480,435.60 | Price 67.04 | Shares 37,000
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$2,469.73 | Price 72.64 | Shares 34
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$16,142.24 | Price 71.74 | Shares 225
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$10,963.79 | Price 70.73 | Shares 155
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$105,104.84 | Price 69.84 | Shares 1,505
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$178,780.27 | Price 68.79 | Shares 2,599
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$133,776.58 | Price 67.70 | Shares 1,976
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$72,602.47 | Price 66.79 | Shares 1,087
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$44,067.36 | Price 65.97 | Shares 668
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$569,494.29 | Price 70.80 | Shares 8,044
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$2,531,919.23 | Price 70.03 | Shares 36,157
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$1,782,022.07 | Price 69.07 | Shares 25,799
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$6,246.96 | Price 72.64 | Shares 86
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$40,391.48 | Price 71.74 | Shares 563
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$27,374.10 | Price 70.73 | Shares 387
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$262,727.17 | Price 69.84 | Shares 3,762
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$446,985.07 | Price 68.79 | Shares 6,498
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$334,441.46 | Price 67.70 | Shares 4,940
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$181,472.78 | Price 66.79 | Shares 2,717
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$110,102.43 | Price 65.97 | Shares 1,669
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$1,571,716.98 | Price 66.95 | Shares 23,475
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$3,310,080.33 | Price 66.00 | Shares 50,156
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$6,610.16 | Price 72.64 | Shares 91
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$42,830.75 | Price 71.74 | Shares 597
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$29,071.72 | Price 70.73 | Shares 411
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$278,650.03 | Price 69.84 | Shares 3,990
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$474,018.80 | Price 68.79 | Shares 6,891
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$354,683.97 | Price 67.70 | Shares 5,239
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$192,426.60 | Price 66.79 | Shares 2,881
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$116,699.34 | Price 65.97 | Shares 1,769
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$700,330.00 | Price 70.03 | Shares 10,000
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$1,380.14 | Price 72.64 | Shares 19
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$8,967.91 | Price 71.74 | Shares 125
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$6,083.13 | Price 70.73 | Shares 86
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$58,383.82 | Price 69.84 | Shares 836
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$99,330.02 | Price 68.79 | Shares 1,444
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$74,335.37 | Price 67.70 | Shares 1,098
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$40,342.13 | Price 66.79 | Shares 604
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$24,474.54 | Price 65.97 | Shares 371
Planned sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$1,098,012.50 | Price 72.50 | Shares 15,145
Planned sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$1,753,628.06 | Price 70.18 | Shares 24,989
Planned sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$1,671,629.29 | Price 67.47 | Shares 24,776
Planned sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$3,068,147.46 | Price 66.39 | Shares 46,214
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$5,302.65 | Price 72.64 | Shares 73
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$34,293.30 | Price 71.74 | Shares 478
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$23,271.52 | Price 70.73 | Shares 329
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$223,339.05 | Price 69.84 | Shares 3,198
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$379,985.46 | Price 68.79 | Shares 5,524
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$284,275.24 | Price 67.70 | Shares 4,199
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$154,288.60 | Price 66.79 | Shares 2,310
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$93,544.18 | Price 65.97 | Shares 1,418
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$13,805,903.58 | Price 69.30 | Shares 199,226
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$567,457.51 | Price 67.37 | Shares 8,423
Sale 27 Mar 2025
Value US$13,908,797.18 | Price 66.33 | Shares 209,689
Abbreviations B: Buy, S: Sell, PP: Planned purchase, PlS: Planned sale, PrS: Proposed sale, O: Option / Other
Notification date Transaction date B/S Transaction type Insider and/or position Nb. shares
Price
Value 		Number of shares Price Value Details
2026-03-31 2026-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
15,603 -5.8%
194.88
US$3,713,763 		15,603 -5.8% 194.88 US$3,713,763
2026-03-31 2026-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
38,892 -14.3%
443.89
US$1,520,880 		38,892 -14.3% 443.89 US$1,520,880
2026-03-31 2026-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
8,206 +6.1%
397.10
US$2,795,936 		8,206 +6.1% 397.10 US$2,795,936
2026-03-31 2026-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
488 -1.2%
31.72
US$15,479 		488 -1.2% 31.72 US$15,479
2026-03-31 2026-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
1,838 -4.4%
31.04
US$57,049 		1,838 -4.4% 31.04 US$57,049
2026-03-31 2026-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
4,256 -9.2%
30.04
US$127,837 		4,256 -9.2% 30.04 US$127,837
2025-08-15 2025-08-11 PrS Proposed sale
Abingworth Bioventures VII LP

Shareholder
1,347,522
82.15
US$110,696,581 		1,347,522 82.15 US$110,696,581
2025-07-03 2025-07-01 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
3,830 -22.5%
82.76
US$316,971 		3,830 -22.5% 82.76 US$316,971
2025-07-01 2025-07-01 PrS Proposed sale
2.0
PATRICIA HIRANO

Officer

Officer
3,830
82.76
US$316,971 		3,830 82.76 US$316,971
2025-06-26 2025-06-24 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
266 -1.5%
84.25
US$22,410 		266 -1.5% 84.25 US$22,410
2025-06-24 2025-06-24 PrS Proposed sale
2.0
PATRICIA HIRANO

Officer

Officer
266
84.25
US$22,410 		266 84.25 US$22,410
2025-04-02 2025-04-01 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
3,782 -12.3%
70.11
US$265,156 		3,782 -12.3% 70.11 US$265,156
2025-04-01 2025-04-01 PrS Proposed sale
2.0
PATRICIA HIRANO

Officer

Officer
3,782
70.11
US$265,156 		3,782 70.11 US$265,156
2025-03-31 2025-03-28 S Sale
2.8
Pauls Matthew
Non-Executive Director
5,937 -47.7%
71.55
US$424,797 		5,937 -47.7% 71.55 US$424,797
2025-03-31 2025-03-28 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
2,691 -8.0%
73.60
US$198,058 		2,691 -8.0% 73.60 US$198,058
2025-03-31 2025-03-28 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
9,253 -21.6%
69.52
US$643,246 		9,253 -21.6% 69.52 US$643,246
2025-03-31 2025-03-28 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
12,324 -22.4%
68.92
US$849,386 		12,324 -22.4% 68.92 US$849,386
2025-03-31 2025-03-28 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
3,394 -5.8%
67.46
US$228,946 		3,394 -5.8% 67.46 US$228,946
2025-03-28 2025-03-28 PrS Proposed sale
2.0
PATRICIA HIRANO

Officer

Officer
27,662
69.40
US$1,919,636 		27,662 69.40 US$1,919,636
2025-03-28 2025-03-28 PrS Proposed sale
2.8
Matthew Pauls

Officer

Officer
5,937
67.39
US$400,094 		5,937 67.39 US$400,094
2025-03-28 2025-03-28 S Sale
2.8
Vivo Opportunity, LLC
Large shareholder
333,557 -7.0%
70.60
US$23,549,124 		333,557 -7.0% 70.60 US$23,549,124
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
37,000 -44.9%
67.04
US$2,480,436 		37,000 -44.9% 67.04 US$2,480,436
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
34 -0.1%
72.64
US$2,470 		34 -0.1% 72.64 US$2,470
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
225 -0.5%
71.74
US$16,142 		225 -0.5% 71.74 US$16,142
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
155 -0.3%
70.73
US$10,964 		155 -0.3% 70.73 US$10,964
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
1,505 -3.2%
69.84
US$105,105 		1,505 -3.2% 69.84 US$105,105
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
2,599 -5.2%
68.79
US$178,780 		2,599 -5.2% 68.79 US$178,780
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
1,976 -3.8%
67.70
US$133,777 		1,976 -3.8% 67.70 US$133,777
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
1,087 -2.1%
66.79
US$72,602 		1,087 -2.1% 66.79 US$72,602
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.8
Manning Meredith

Chief Commercial Officer

Officer
668 -1.2%
65.97
US$44,067 		668 -1.2% 65.97 US$44,067
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
8,044 -7.1%
70.80
US$569,494 		8,044 -7.1% 70.80 US$569,494
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
36,157 -24.2%
70.03
US$2,531,919 		36,157 -24.2% 70.03 US$2,531,919
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
25,799 -14.7%
69.07
US$1,782,022 		25,799 -14.7% 69.07 US$1,782,022
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
86 -0.1%
72.64
US$6,247 		86 -0.1% 72.64 US$6,247
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
563 -0.5%
71.74
US$40,391 		563 -0.5% 71.74 US$40,391
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
387 -0.4%
70.73
US$27,374 		387 -0.4% 70.73 US$27,374
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
3,762 -3.4%
69.84
US$262,727 		3,762 -3.4% 69.84 US$262,727
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
6,498 -5.6%
68.79
US$446,985 		6,498 -5.6% 68.79 US$446,985
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
4,940 -4.1%
67.70
US$334,441 		4,940 -4.1% 67.70 US$334,441
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
2,717 -2.2%
66.79
US$181,473 		2,717 -2.2% 66.79 US$181,473
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.5
Mackaness James H

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Officer
1,669 -1.3%
65.97
US$110,102 		1,669 -1.3% 65.97 US$110,102
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
23,475 -45.5%
66.95
US$1,571,717 		23,475 -45.5% 66.95 US$1,571,717
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
50,156 -49.3%
66.00
US$3,310,080 		50,156 -49.3% 66.00 US$3,310,080
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
91 -0.1%
72.64
US$6,610 		91 -0.1% 72.64 US$6,610
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
597 -1.0%
71.74
US$42,831 		597 -1.0% 71.74 US$42,831
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
411 -0.7%
70.73
US$29,072 		411 -0.7% 70.73 US$29,072
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
3,990 -6.0%
69.84
US$278,650 		3,990 -6.0% 69.84 US$278,650
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
6,891 -9.4%
68.79
US$474,019 		6,891 -9.4% 68.79 US$474,019
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
5,239 -6.7%
67.70
US$354,684 		5,239 -6.7% 67.70 US$354,684
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
2,881 -3.5%
66.79
US$192,427 		2,881 -3.5% 66.79 US$192,427
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Yen Kristen

SEE REMARKS

Officer
1,769 -2.1%
65.97
US$116,699 		1,769 -2.1% 65.97 US$116,699
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
10,000 -21.4%
70.03
US$700,330 		10,000 -21.4% 70.03 US$700,330
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
19 -0.1%
72.64
US$1,380 		19 -0.1% 72.64 US$1,380
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
125 -0.3%
71.74
US$8,968 		125 -0.3% 71.74 US$8,968
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
86 -0.2%
70.73
US$6,083 		86 -0.2% 70.73 US$6,083
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
836 -2.2%
69.84
US$58,384 		836 -2.2% 69.84 US$58,384
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
1,444 -3.7%
68.79
US$99,330 		1,444 -3.7% 68.79 US$99,330
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
1,098 -2.7%
67.70
US$74,335 		1,098 -2.7% 67.70 US$74,335
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
604 -1.5%
66.79
US$40,342 		604 -1.5% 66.79 US$40,342
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
0.7
Huang Michael F.

Sr. VP of Clinical Development

Officer
371 -0.9%
65.97
US$24,475 		371 -0.9% 65.97 US$24,475
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
15,145 -21.4%
72.50
US$1,098,012 		15,145 -21.4% 72.50 US$1,098,012
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
24,989 -26.1%
70.18
US$1,753,628 		24,989 -26.1% 70.18 US$1,753,628
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
24,776 -20.5%
67.47
US$1,671,629 		24,776 -20.5% 67.47 US$1,671,629
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 PlS Planned sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
46,214 -27.7%
66.39
US$3,068,147 		46,214 -27.7% 66.39 US$3,068,147
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
73 -0.1%
72.64
US$5,303 		73 -0.1% 72.64 US$5,303
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
478 -0.5%
71.74
US$34,293 		478 -0.5% 71.74 US$34,293
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
329 -0.3%
70.73
US$23,272 		329 -0.3% 70.73 US$23,272
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
3,198 -3.2%
69.84
US$223,339 		3,198 -3.2% 69.84 US$223,339
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
5,524 -5.3%
68.79
US$379,985 		5,524 -5.3% 68.79 US$379,985
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
4,199 -3.9%
67.70
US$284,275 		4,199 -3.9% 67.70 US$284,275
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
2,310 -2.1%
66.79
US$154,289 		2,310 -2.1% 66.79 US$154,289
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.0
Hirano Patricia C

SEE REMARKS

Officer
1,418 -1.3%
65.97
US$93,544 		1,418 -1.3% 65.97 US$93,544
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.1
Anish Bhatnagar

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Executive Director
199,226 -25.7%
69.30
US$13,805,904 		199,226 -25.7% 69.30 US$13,805,904
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.1
Anish Bhatnagar

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Executive Director
8,423 -1.1%
67.37
US$567,458 		8,423 -1.1% 67.37 US$567,458
2025-03-31 2025-03-27 S Sale
2.1
Anish Bhatnagar

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Executive Director
209,689 -21.1%
66.33
US$13,908,797 		209,689 -21.1% 66.33 US$13,908,797
Explore more

More insider trading research around Soleno Therapeutics Inc

More insider trades in United States
Similar Healthcare companies with insider activity
More Pharmaceuticals & Medical Research companies with insider activity
More Biotechnology & Medical Research companies with insider activity
Insider trading in North America