How do you standardize insider data across countries with different rules and formats?

We standardize insider data globally by combining market-specific parsing with a single shared framework.

Each market publishes disclosures in its own format and under its own rules (for example, UK filings, SEC filings, or Nordic exchange feeds). We first read each filing in its native format, then translate it into a consistent structure so the data can be compared across countries.

From there, we normalize the key fields that matter most:

• Transaction type: We map local filing descriptions into a shared set of categories (such as buys, sells, planned purchases, and planned sales), while still keeping the original filing wording for transparency.

• Insider role: We standardize whether the filer is an officer, director, major shareholder, or another insider type, using local definitions first and additional review when disclosures are unclear.

• Identity matching: We match companies and insiders across different naming conventions and identifiers so the same person or issuer is recognized consistently.

• Duplicate detection: We identify and remove duplicate disclosures (for example, when the same transaction appears across multiple listings or sources).

• Transaction value: We normalize values into a common currency using date-based exchange rates, so cross-market comparisons are more meaningful.